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The objectives of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of environmental protection are to regulate relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature in order to improve the quality of the environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, strengthening of law and order.
The legislation on environmental protection reflects such constitutional principles as the protection of the environment favourable for human life and health, the obligation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan to preserve nature and careful treatment of natural wealth, the right of citizens to health protection.
Information about the state of the natural environment and changes in this state has long been used by humans to plan their activities.
The term "monitoring" first appeared in the recommendations of the Special Commission SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for a Global System of Environmental Monitoring (UN Stockholm Conference on the Environment) were already in place.
Environmental monitoring is defined as regular observations of natural environments, natural resources, flora and fauna carried out according to a set programme, which allow to identify their conditions and processes occurring in them under the influence of anthropogenic activity.
Ecological monitoring should be understood as organised monitoring of the natural environment, which, firstly, ensures continuous assessment of the ecological conditions of the human environment and biological objects (plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.), as well as assessment of the state and functional value of ecosystems, and secondly, creates conditions for determining corrective actions in cases where the target indicators of ecological conditions are not achieved.
The objects of monitoring can be natural, anthropogenic and natural & anthropogenic ecosystems.
The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematise and analyse information:
1. about environmental conditions;
2. about the causes, observed and likely changes in the state, i.e. sources and drivers of the impact;
3. about the acceptability of changes and pressures on the environment as a whole;
4. about the existing reserves in biosphere.
Thus, the environmental monitoring system includes observations of the state of biosphere elements and observations of sources and factors of anthropogenic impact.
The main tasks of environmental monitoring include:
1. Observation of anthropogenic impact factors;
2. Observation of changes in the environment due to anthropogenic impact;
3. Monitoring of the health of the population living in areas affected by anthropogenic factors;
4. Data analysis, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of the natural environment as a whole and its individual components under the influence of affecting factors;
5. Development of systems for managing and optimising anthropogenic impact on the environment.
There are different approaches to categorising monitoring:
1. by nature of the tasks to be performed;
2. by level of organisation;
3. on the natural environments being monitored.
In terms of the scale of observations and the nature of generalisation of information, a distinction is made between:
Global (biosphere) monitoring through international co-operation, which has become increasingly intensive in recent years;
National monitoring carried out within the state by specially established bodies;
Regional monitoring carried out within intensively developed large areas, e.g. within territorial production complexes;
Local (bio-ecological) monitoring, including tracking changes in environmental quality within settlements, industrial centres, directly at enterprises;
Impact monitoring carried out in particularly hazardous areas and locations.
According to the specifics of the objects of observation and protection, monitoring is distinguished as follows:
3.1 Atmosphere;
3.2 Soils;
3.3 Surface water (hydrological) and groundwater (hydrogeological);
3.4 Plant resources (geobotanical), forests, fauna and flora;
3.5 Anthropogenic load;
3.6 Transport load;
3.7 Recreational load;
3.8 Medical and demographic, etc.
The following information is required for the development of an environmental monitoring project:
1. sources of pollutants entering the natural environment - emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial, energy, transport and other facilities, resulting in the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere and spills of liquid pollutants and hazardous substances, etc.;
2. pollutant transport - atmospheric transport processes; transport and migration processes in the aquatic environment;
3. processes of landscape-geochemical redistribution of pollutants - migration of pollutants along the soil profile up to the groundwater level; migration of pollutants along the landscape-geochemical interface taking into account geochemical barriers and biochemical cycles; biochemical cycling, etc.;
4. data on the status of anthropogenic sources of pollution - capacity of the pollution source and its location, hydrodynamic conditions of pollution flow into the environment.
The objectives of the monitoring system are as follows:
1. Determination of pollutant levels in different environments, their distribution in space and time;
2. Determination of magnitudes and velocities of pollutant flows, possible pathways of their transformation;
3. Solving the problem of comparability of results of analyses performed by different laboratories;
4. Providing interested users with information necessary for decision-making on pollution abatement at different administrative levels.
According to these definitions and the functions assigned to the system, monitoring includes three main areas of activity:
1. observations of impact factors and environmental conditions;
2. assessment of the actual state of the environment;
3. forecast of the state of the natural environment and assessment of the projected state of the environment.
The activity of the laboratory of ECOEXPERT LLP is regulated by guiding and normative documents in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and hygienic norms, requirements, lists of maximum permissible concentrations, approximate safe levels of exposure, maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances, operating in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
All measuring instruments and all equipment used in the monitoring process have been verified and are in the State Register of Measuring Instruments of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Our production monitoring clients were: Mangistaumunaigas JSC, Zhairemsky GOK JSC, Manganese Zhairem Manganese Zhairem JSC, Rio Tinto Exploration Kazakhstan LLP, KazTransOil LLP, Orken LLP, Kazchrome JSC, AK Altynalmas JSC, ArcelorMitall Temirtau JSC and others.